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Masai giraffe

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Masai giraffe
An adult female Masai giraffe in the Masaai Mara national park, Kenya.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Giraffidae
Genus: Giraffa
Species:
G. tippelskirchi
Binomial name
Giraffa tippelskirchi
(Matschie, 1898)
Range in dark pink
Synonyms

Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi

The Masai giraffe (Giraffa tippelskirchi[2]), also spelled Maasai giraffe, and sometimes called the Kilimanjaro giraffe, is a species or subspecies of giraffe. It is native to East Africa. The Masai giraffe can be found in central and southern Kenya and in Tanzania. It has distinctive jagged, irregular leaf-like blotches that extend from the hooves to its head. The Masai giraffe is currently the national animal of Tanzania.[3]

Taxonomy

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The IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies[1][4][5] The Masai giraffe was described and given the binomial name Giraffa tippelskirchi by German zoologist Paul Matschie in 1898, but current taxonomy refers to Masai giraffe as Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi. The Masai giraffe was named in honor of Herr von Tippelskirch, who was a member of a German scientific expedition in German East Africa to what is now northern Tanzania in 1896. Tippelskirch brought back the skin of a female Masai giraffe from near Lake Eyasi which was later on identified as Giraffa tippelskirchi. Alternative taxonomic hypotheses have proposed Masai giraffe may be its own species.[6]

Description

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The Masai giraffe is distinguished by jagged and irregular spots on its body. Its geographic range includes various parts of eastern Africa.[7][8][9] It is the largest-bodied giraffe species, making it the tallest land animal on Earth.[7] Bulls are generally larger and heavier than cows, weighing close to 1,300 kilograms (2,900 pounds) and growing up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in height. In the wild, individuals can live to be around 30 years of age, and in most cases can live longer in captivity.[10] The Masai giraffe's most famous feature, its neck, contains seven vertebrae and makes up roughly one third of its body height. Its long and muscular tongue, which can be up to 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length, is prehensile and allows it to grab leaves from tall trees that are inaccessible to other animals. The tongue's darker pigment is believed to function as a natural sunscreen and prevent sunburn. On top of the head are two bony structures called ossicones which are covered by thick skin and have dark hair on the tips. These can be used during fights to club its opponent. Bulls usually have an extra ossicone present between the eyes.[11] When galloping, the Masai giraffe has been recorded to reach speeds of almost 64 kilometers per hour (40 miles per hour).[3]

Conservation

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Masai giraffes are considered endangered by the IUCN,[1] and the Masai giraffe population declined 52% in recent decades due to poaching and habitat loss. The population amounts to 32,550 in the wild. Demographic studies of wild giraffes living inside and outside protected areas suggest low adult survival outside protected areas due to poaching and low calf survival inside protected areas due to predation; these are the primary influences on population growth rates.[12][13] Survival of giraffe calves is influenced by the season of birth[14] and the seasonal local presence or absence of long-distance migratory herds of wildebeest and zebra.[15] Metapopulation analysis indicated protected areas were important for keeping giraffes in the larger landscape.[16]

In situ conservation of Masai giraffes is being done by several government agencies, including the Kenya Wildlife Service, Tanzania National Parks, Zambia Wildlife Authority; and non-governmental organizations including PAMS Foundation and the Wild Nature Institute. Community-based wildlife conservation areas have also been shown to be effective at protecting giraffes.[17][18]

Over 100 Masai giraffe live under human care in AZA accredited zoos in the United States.[19] At several zoos, Masai giraffe cows have become pregnant and successfully given birth.[20]

Masai giraffes can suffer from giraffe skin disease, which is a disorder of unknown etiology that causes lesion on the forelimbs. This disorder is being further investigated to better understand mortality in this species.[21]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Bolger, D.; Ogutu, J.; Strauss, M.; Lee, D.; Muneza, A.; Fennessy, J.; Brown, D. (2019). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. tippelskirchi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T88421036A88421121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T88421036A88421121.en. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  2. ^ Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 9781421400938.
  3. ^ a b Kennedy, Adam Scott (2014). Animals of the Serengeti, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Vicki Kennedy. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 978-1-4008-5138-6. OCLC 873760148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ IUCN (2016). "Giraffa camelopardalis: Muller, Z., Bercovitch, F., Brand, R., Brown, D., Brown, M., Bolger, D., Carter, K., Deacon, F., Doherty, J.B., Fennessy, J., Fennessy, S., Hussein, A.A., Lee, D., Marais, A., Strauss, M., Tutchings, A. & Wube, T." IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t9194a51140239.en.
  5. ^ Bercovitch, Fred B.; Berry, Philip S. M.; Dagg, Anne; Deacon, Francois; Doherty, John B.; Lee, Derek E.; Mineur, Frédéric; Muller, Zoe; Ogden, Rob (2017-02-20). "How many species of giraffe are there?". Current Biology. 27 (4): R136 – R137. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R136B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039. hdl:20.500.11820/4c828f1a-f644-4268-9197-eb50244a1d75. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28222287.
  6. ^ Petzold, Alice; Hassanin, Alexandre (2020-02-13). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
  7. ^ a b Dagg, A.I.; Foster, J. B. (1982). The Giraffe. Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology (with updated supplementary material). Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
  8. ^ Brown, David M.; Brenneman, Rick A.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John P.; Milá, Borja; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Louis, Edward E.; Grether, Gregory F.; Jacobs, David K. (2007-12-21). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
  9. ^ Fennessy J.; Bidon T.; Reuss F.; Kumar V.; Elkan P.; Nilsson M.A.; Vamberger M.; Fritz U.; Janke A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses Reveal Four Giraffe Species Instead of One". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261.
  10. ^ "How long do giraffe live? - Giraffe Conservation Foundation". 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  11. ^ Williams, Edgar Mark (2010). Giraffe. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-764-0. OCLC 587198932.
  12. ^ Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L.; Kissui, Bernard M.; Kiwango, Yustina A.; Bolger, Douglas T. (2016-05-11). "Spatial variation in giraffe demography: a test of 2 paradigms". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw086. ISSN 0022-2372.
  13. ^ Lee, D. E.; Strauss, M. K. L (2016-01-01). Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09721-9. ISBN 9780124095489.
  14. ^ Lee, Derek Edward; Bond, Monica Louise; Bolger, Douglas Thomas (2017-01-01). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. ISSN 1438-3896. S2CID 7611046.
  15. ^ Lee, Derek E.; Kissui, Bernard M.; Kiwango, Yustina A.; Bond, Monica L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
  16. ^ Lee, Derek E.; Bolger, Douglas T. (2017-05-05). "Movements and source–sink dynamics of a Masai giraffe metapopulation". Population Ecology. 59 (2): 157–168. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59..157L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0580-7. ISSN 1438-3896. S2CID 24276021.
  17. ^ Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L (2018-02-26). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255.
  18. ^ Lee, Derek E. (2018-08-10). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 0022-541X. S2CID 91251633.
  19. ^ Monson, Michael L.; Dennis, Patricia M.; Lukas, Kristen E.; Krynak, Katherine L.; Carrino-Kyker, Sarah R.; Burke, David J.; Schook, Mandi W. (2018). "The effects of increased hay-to-grain ratio on behavior, metabolic health measures, and fecal bacterial communities in four Masai giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo". Zoo Biology. 37 (5): 320–331. doi:10.1002/zoo.21434. PMID 30070393. S2CID 51893147.
  20. ^ Gregory, Kim Lamb (May 10, 2014). "Mothers' nature in the animal world" Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Ventura County Star
  21. ^ Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (July 2016). "The Occurrence and Prevalence of Giraffe Skin Disease in Protected Areas of Northern Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (3): 753–755. doi:10.7589/2015-09-247. ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 27310168. S2CID 10736316 – via Science citation index.
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