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Culture of Pakistan

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Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.
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Culture of Pakistan
History
People
Languages
Traditions
folklore
Cuisine
Eastern
Western
Northern
Overseas and fusion
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

The culture of Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستانی ثقافت Pākistāni S̱aqāfat) is based in the Indo-Persian cultural matrix that constitutes a foundation plank of South Asian Muslim identity.[1] The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, Middle East and Central Asia.[2][3] There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices.

The existence of Pakistan as an Islamic state since 1956 has led to the large-scale injection of Islam into most aspects of Pakistani culture and everyday life, which has accordingly affected the historical values and traditions of the Muslim-majority population. Marriages and other major events are significantly affected by regional differences in culture, but generally follow Islamic jurisprudence where required. [citation needed]

Civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family,[4] although for socio-economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families.[5] The traditional dress for both men and women is the shalwar kameez; trousers, jeans, and shirts are also popular among men.[6] In recent decades, the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[7] Pakistani festivals, including Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter, Holi, and Diwali, are mostly religious in origin.[4] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[8]

Literature

[edit]
Main articles: Pakistani literature, List of Urdu-language poets, and Pakistani poetry
Muhammad Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan

Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi, Persian, English, and many other languages.[9] The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad.[10] The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry and mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial period, native literary figures were influenced by western literary realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[11][12]

The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution(regarding to the freedom from Hindus).[13] Well-known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Josh Malihabadi Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Saadat Hasan Manto. Sadequain and Gulgee are known for their calligraphy and paintings.[12] The Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, and Khawaja Farid enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan.[14] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[15] Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Mohammad Ali Johar.[16]

Ideas from British and American philosophy greatly shaped philosophical development in Pakistan. Analysts such as M. M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[clarification needed][17] After the 1971 war, philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism into Pakistan's philosophical thinking. Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jaun Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to the fore in academia.[18] Works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.[19]

Performing arts

[edit]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Music of Pakistan
A sitar workshop in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music.[20] Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.[21]

Dances

[edit]

Pakistan has various regional dances including:

Punjabi

[edit]
Main article: Folk dances of Punjab
  • Luddi - Pothohari folk dance, mostly performed on weddings
  • Dahamal – Punjabi folk dance (The dance is rooted in Sufi trance dances on trance drum beats)
  • Bhangra – Punjabi folk dance
  • Jhumar – Saraiki folk dance

Balochi

[edit]

Pashtun

[edit]

Sindhi

[edit]
Main article: Folk dances of Sindh
Artistic depiction of Sindhi soldiers during medieval times
  • Jamalo – Sindhi dance.
  • Jhumir: wedding dance.
  • Dhamal: performed by Sindhi Sufi devotees on Sufi shrines. The main performance is done by Sufi dervishes who wear long Jamas, special rings, necklaces and Sindhi faqeeri topi or turban.

Drama and theatre

[edit]
Main article: Theatre in Pakistan

These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays often deal with themes from everyday life, often with a humorous touch.

Architecture

[edit]
Main article: Pakistani architecture
The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.[22]

Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,[23] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[24] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.[citation needed] The rise of Buddhism and the influence of Greek civilisation led to the development of a Greco-Buddhist style,[25] starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[26]

The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Indo-Islamic-style building still standing is the tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers, contains many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi Mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Mughal-style Wazir Khan Mosque,[27] the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta.

In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan, and the Mazar-e-Quaid. Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of British design can be found in Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.[28]

Recreation and sports

[edit]
Main article: Sports in Pakistan

Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the British Raj. Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three gold medals in the Olympic Games held in 1960, 1968, and 1984.[29] Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times, held in 1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994.[30]

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the third-largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country.[31] The country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major ICC international cricket tournaments: ICC Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20, and ICC Champions Trophy; as well as the ICC Test Championship.[32] The cricket team (known as Shaheen) won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it was runner-up once, in 1999. Pakistan was runner-up in the inaugural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. In March 2009, militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team,[33] after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour. Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy by defeating arch-rivals India in the final.

Pakistan Super League is one of the largest cricket leagues of the world with a brand value of about Rs. 32.26 billion (US$110 million).[34]

Association football is the second-most played sport in Pakistan and it is organised and regulated by the Pakistan Football Federation.[35] Football in Pakistan is as old as the country itself. Shortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief.[36] The highest football division in Pakistan is the Pakistan Premier League.[37] Pakistan is known as one of the best manufacturers of the official FIFA World Cup ball.[38] The best football players to play for Pakistan are Kaleemullah, Zesh Rehman, Muhammad Essa, Haroon Yousaf, and Muhammad Adil.

Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1989 and 2004 South Asian Games; the 1984, 1993, 1996 and 2003 World Squash Championships; the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup; and the 1990 Hockey World Cup. Pakistan is set to host the 2025 South Asian Games.[39]

There are also some traditional games of Pakistan, such as kabaddi, which are popular.[40]

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article: Pakistani cuisine
Further information: Sindhi cuisine, Pashtun cuisine, and Punjabi cuisine
Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.[41]

Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors.[42] Most of those dishes have their roots in British, Indian, Central Asian, Bengali/Bangladeshi, Middle Eastern and other South Asian cuisines.[43] Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chili, and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, roti, a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.[44][45]

Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Sohan halwa is a popular sweet from the southern Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[46]

Pakistani tea culture

[edit]

Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is consumed daily by most of the population.[6][47] The consumption of tea in Pakistan, called chai (چائے), in Urdu, is of central significance to Pakistani culture. It is one of the most consumed beverages in Pakistani cuisine. Pakistan produces its own limited tea in Shinkiari farms; however, it ranks as the third largest importer of tea in the world.[48] In 2003, as much as 109,000 tonnes of tea were consumed in Pakistan, ranking it at seven on the list of tea-consuming countries in the world.[48]

A traditional cup of black tea
  • Pakistani tea was praised by Abhinandan Varthaman, an Indian Airforce Pilot who was shot down by Pakistan Air Force and captured by Pakistan Army for violating Pakistani airspace during Operation Swift Retort. In a video released by ISPR, Wing Commander Abhinandan is seen conversing with Pakistan military officials in a congenial environment and acknowledging that he has been treated well while enjoying Pakistani Tea. Upon being asked about the tea, Abhinandan replied "The tea is fantastic".[49] This became a catchphrase in Pakistan as customers began using it to order tea.
  • The name for Three Cups of Tea, a bestselling book by American mountaineer and educator Greg Mortenson, is taken from the Balti proverb in northern Pakistan: "The first time you share tea with a Balti, you are a stranger. The second time you take tea, you are an honored guest. The third time you share a cup of tea, you become family..."[50]
  • The British documentary film Tracing Tea briefly covers tea culture in Pakistan.
  • Pak Tea House – a tea cafe in Lahore famously known for being visited by prominent academic intellectuals and literary personalities from all walks of life.[51]
[edit]
Main articles: Television in Pakistan and Cinema of Pakistan

The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour news media and television channels.[52] A 2016 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan 147th on the Press Freedom Index, while at the same time terming the Pakistani media "among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians."[53] The BBC terms the Pakistani media "among the most outspoken in South Asia".[54] Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.[55]

The Lollywood, Punjabi and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained an important part of popular culture.[56] In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many entertainment media outlets air them regularly.[57] Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, which has launched critically acclaimed miniseries and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s.[58] In the 1960s–1970s, pop music and disco (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s–1990s, British influenced rock music appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry.[59] In the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.[60]

National dress

[edit]
Main article: Shalwar kameez
See also: Pakistani clothing
Schoolgirls in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in shalwars with cuffed hems, and kameez with western-style collars.

The national dress of Pakistan is the Persian origin shalwar kameez, a unisex garment widely-worn around South Asia,[61][62] and national dress,[63] of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck.[64] The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa (see hijab and purdah). Besides the national dress, domestically tailored suits and neckties are often worn by men, and are customary in offices, schools, and social gatherings.[65]

The fashion industry has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity. Today, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture. Despite modern trends, regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes PFDC Fashion Week and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in Karachi organizes Fashion Pakistan Week. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.[66]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ P. M. Kamath (2005). India-Pakistan Relations. Promilla & Company, Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-81-85002-47-7.
  2. ^ Neelis, Jason (2007), "Passages to India: Śaka and Kuṣāṇa migrations in historical contexts", in Srinivasan, Doris (ed.), On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World, Routledge, pp. 55–94, ISBN 978-90-04-15451-3 Quote: "Numerous passageways through the northwestern frontiers of the Indian subcontinent in modern Pakistan and Afghanistan served as migration routes to South Asia from the Iranian plateau and the Central Asian steppes. Prehistoric and protohistoric exchanges across the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya ranges demonstrate earlier precedents for routes through the high mountain passes and river valleys in later historical periods. Typological similarities between Northern Neolithic sites in Kashmir and Swat and sites in the Tibetan plateau and northern China show that 'Mountain chains have often integrated rather than isolated peoples.' Ties between the trading post of Shortughai in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) and the lower Indus valley provide evidence for long-distance commercial networks and 'polymorphous relations' across the Hindu Kush until c. 1800 B.C.' The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) may have functioned as a 'filter' for the introduction of Indo-Iranian languages to the northwesternfs Indian subcontinent, although routes and chronologies remain hypothetical. (page 55)"
  3. ^ Marshall, John (2013) [1960], A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–, ISBN 978-1-107-61544-1 Quote: "Here also, in ancient days, was the meeting-place of three great trade-routes , one, from Hindustan and Eastern India, which was to become the `royal highway' described by Megasthenes as running from Pataliputra to the north-west of the Maurya empire; the second from Western Asia through Bactria, Kapisi and Pushkalavati and so across the Indus at Ohind to Taxila; and the third from Kashmir and Central Asia by way of the Srinagar valley and Baramula to Mansehra and so down the Haripur valley. These three trade-routes, which carried the bulk of the traffic passing by land between India and Central and Western Asia, played an all-important part in the history of Taxila. (page 1)"
  4. ^ a b "Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette". Kwint Essential. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
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  7. ^ Husain, Irfan (17 April 2010). "The rise of Mehran man". Dawn. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
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  11. ^ Kamran, Gilani. "Pakistani Literature3-novel". www.the-south-asian.com. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  12. ^ a b Imtiaz, Huma (26 September 2010). "Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  13. ^ Annemarie Schimmel (15 December 2004). "Iqbal, Muhammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 1 January 2012.- Shafique, Nadeem. "Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal" (PDF). Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies. Bahauddin Zakariya University. pp. 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. - Iqbal Academy (26 May 2006). "Allama Iqbal – Biography" (PHP). Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  14. ^ Muhammad Zahid Rifat (3 October 2011). "Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets". The Nation. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  15. ^ Chetan Karnani (2003). L.H. Ajwani. Sahitya Akademi. p. 50. ISBN 978-81-260-1664-8.
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  17. ^ Richard V. DeSemet; et al. "Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961". Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  18. ^ Ahmad, Naeem, ed. (1998). Philosophy in Pakistan. Washington, DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978-1-56518-108-3.
  19. ^ Mallick, Ayyaz (7 May 2013). "Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections". Dawn news election cells. Dawn news election cells. Retrieved 21 February 2015.- Hoodbhoy, Pervez. "Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy". PTV archives. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  20. ^ Amit Baruah; R. Padmanabhan (6 September 1997). "The stilled voice". Frontline. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  21. ^ Tohid, Owais (7 June 2005). "Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
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  23. ^ Dehejia, Vidja. "South Asian Art and Culture". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  24. ^ "The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization". History World International. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  26. ^ "UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. 29 December 1979. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  27. ^ Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-916-7.
  28. ^ Kamil Khan Mumtaz (1985). Architecture in Pakistan. Concept Media Pte Ltd. pp. 32, 51, 160. ISBN 978-9971-84-141-6.
  29. ^ Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (4th revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8108-7249-3.
  30. ^ V.V.K.Subburaj (30 August 2004). Basic Facts of General Knowledge. Sura College of Competition. p. 771. ISBN 978-81-7254-234-4.
  31. ^ Khan, Saad (15 March 2010). "The Death of Sports in Pakistan". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
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  33. ^ "Pakistan cricket future in doubt". BBC News. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  34. ^ "PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn". The News International. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  35. ^ Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part I". Dawn. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
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  37. ^ "PFF approves two more teams in Premier League". The Nation. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  38. ^ "Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018". The Express Tribune. 28 January 2018.- Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part III".
  39. ^ Safi, Alam Zeb (13 February 2022). "Imperfect preparations | Sports | thenews.com.pk". The News on Sunday. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  40. ^ "Sport in Pakistan". www.topendsports.com. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  41. ^ "Port Grand – 2021 Tours & Tickets | All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) – Karachi, Pakistan". Tripadvisor.
  42. ^ Goodwin, William (2002). Pakistan. Lucent Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-59018-218-5. Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.
  43. ^ Lee, Jonathan H.X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 973. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness.
  44. ^ Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin (2006). Pakistan: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 3, 317, 323–324. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
  45. ^ Kathleen W. Deady (2001). Countries of the world :Pakistan. Capstone Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-7368-0815-6.- American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee (2006). Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-7637-4355-0.
  46. ^ "Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city". Dawn. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  47. ^ Tarla Dalal (2007). Punjabi Khana. Sanjay & Co. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-89491-54-3.
  48. ^ a b "Committee on Commodity Problems: Tea Market Studies-Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey". Fao.org. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  49. ^ "Wing Commaneder Abhinandan says Pakistani Army treated him with respect". Dawn. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  50. ^ Three Cups of Tea: One Man's Mission to Promote Peace One School at a Time, by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin, Penguin Books, NY, 2006, p. 150.
  51. ^ "Nawaz reopens Pak Tea House in Lahore". Dawn. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  52. ^ "Media in Pakistan" (PDF). International Media Support. July 2009. pp. 14–16, 21. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  53. ^ "Pakistani media targeted on all sides, says report". The Express Tribune. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  54. ^ "Pakistan profile – Media". BBC News. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  55. ^ "Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan" (PDF). International Media Support. July 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  56. ^ Randhava, Naseem (11 October 2011). "Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 31 October 2011.- "Pakistan to show Bollywood film". BBC News. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  57. ^ Shaikh, Naila (21 January 2015). "The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India". Brown Girl. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  58. ^ "Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television". Daily Times. 25 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  59. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (28 March 2013). "Times of the Vital Sign". Dawn. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  60. ^ Reza Sayah (12 April 2012). "Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan's image". CNN Pakistan. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  61. ^ Marsden, Magnus (2005). Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-44837-6. The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan.
  62. ^ Haines, Chad (2013), Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins, Routledge, p. 162, ISBN 978-1-136-44997-0, the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.
  63. ^ Ozyegin, Gul (2016). Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures. Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-317-13051-2. What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.
  64. ^ Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4.
  65. ^ Koerner, Stephanie; Russell, Ian (2010). Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-7546-7548-8.
  66. ^ Leiby, Michele Langevine (25 April 2012). "In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
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